On the seventh day after the person had died, people celebrated the sjaund (the word both for the funeral ale and the feast, since it involved a ritual drinking). Jump ahead to these sections: Celebrating Death in Africa Death Customs in Asia She saw that her master beckoned for her. Based on all the responses so far, Its amazing to see the varieties of soup in Norway. Children with me, WebThe two types of Viking funerals were cremations and burials: Cremation The Vikings held firm beliefs relating to the afterlife, and one of these was that the smoke from a funeral pyre would carry the deceaseds soul to the afterlife as they rose from the flames. I'm hoping someone could help with some Norwegian quotes or poems about love/family/life/happiness etc. The funeral ritual could be drawn out for days, in order to accommodate the time needed to complete the grave. It was common to leave gifts with the deceased. Huge source of global warming. Are there any customs that might be unique to funerals in Norway? During that time, the deceased would be placed in a temporary tomb until the time finally came for his funeral. Especially powerful Norse clans could demonstrate their position through monumental grave fields. Both the culture and way of life of the ancient Vikings changed throughout the centuries of their rule. Simply put, a broken weapon was useless. [19], Thus some recent scholarship has sought to maximize the case that Ibn Fadln informs us about practice in tenth-century Scandinavia,[20][21][22] while other work has tended to minimize it. If you are like-minded, the relationship will develop over time. [10], Several of the large runestones in Scandinavia notify of an inheritance,[10] such as the Hillersj stone, which explains how a lady came to inherit the property of not only her children but also her grandchildren[43] and the Hgby Runestone, which tells that a girl was the sole heir after the death of all her uncles. Leave time for Q&A at the end of a presentation. Every time, the girl told them what she saw. Price is often the most important deciding factor. For that reason, the burial mounds were placed above the body. A supposed sighting of the deceased as one of these creatures was frightful Harris, Colin; Kaiser, Adam (2021-01-11). After him, others approached the ship to throw their torches on it. Each one is short The dead person had to die anew; a stake could be put through the corpse, or its head might be cut off in order to stop the deceased from finding its way back to the living. The pyre was constructed to make the pillar of smoke as massive as possible, in order to elevate the deceased to the afterlife. They are scrupulous about honesty in communication, often to the point of pointing out the negatives in their own proposals in greater detail than the positives. These practices could include prolonged episodes of feasting and drinking, music, songs and chants, visionary experiences, human and animal sacrifice. Forgot: During the after church gathering there is usually some speeches. They are excellent time managers who do not require face-to-face contact in order to conduct business. Thanks. Regardless of the fact that he personally witnessed the ritual, Ibn Fadlan states that he could not understand what was actually happening. Norse folklore includes spirits of the dead and undead creatures such as revenants and draugr. The band plays sorrowful dirges at first, but once the body is buried, they shift to an upbeat note. I'm sorry for your loss. Do not discuss business. WebFuneral - Church of Norway. With this in mind, the Sami culture is the oldest in northern Norway and there are various forms of expression in this part of the world. So let's see how seriously the Vikings took this ritual and what they were prepared to sacrifice. have developed some traditions, manners and institutions that appear rather baffling to outsiders at first (and sometimes, lets face it, As /u/arnedh mentioned, you could try the famous verse from the Hvaml: Kine die, kith dieand so at last oneselfOne thing I know that never diesHow dead men's deeds are deemed. The afterlife was very important for the Vikings because they believed that they would take a position among their Gods after death. Even though eternal life may not be exactly as the Vikings envisioned it, they still live and tell stories in some way today, thanks to their graves.Until our next meeting, Please note, comments must be approved before they are published. However some features are not paralleled in Scandinavia at all, such as the use of basil, which is unlikely to have been available in Scandinavia, while some features are paralleled in Scandinavia, but are also paralleled more widely among the Turkic-speaking peoples among whom the events described by Ibn Fadln took place, so they do not necessarily reflect Scandinavian culture. [34][35], The sexual rites with the slave girl have been imagined to symbolize her role as a vessel for the transmission of life force to the deceased chieftain. Here it is usually open sandwiches and cake, We usually serve "elghakk" after funerals here. Thank you! elum gir, ._2Gt13AX94UlLxkluAMsZqP{background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;position:relative;display:inline-block} [PubMed], Ghana fantasy coffins. Cultural anthropologist Kelli Swazey (TED Talk: Life that doesnt end with death) shares a different approach to memorializing the dead. THANKS FOR READING OUR GUIDE TO NORWAY. A cake buffet is common. Kate Torgovnick May is a writer at TED.com. Click here to learn more about our customized cultural training. In Tana Toraja in eastern Indonesia, funerals are raucous affairs involving the whole village. ._3bX7W3J0lU78fp7cayvNxx{max-width:208px;text-align:center} You will gain an understanding of a number of key areas including: Enjoying her time at the West Norway Museum of Decorative Art. Over here, they are strictly a breakfast food, sometimes brunch. Thereafter, an old woman referred to as the "Angel of Death" put cushions on the bed. She can also solve a Rubik's Cube in less than two minutes. As with all other people, death was an indispensable part of Viking culture, just like Odin and Valhalla. In Old Norse society, it was an enduring tradition for families of the deceased to hold post-funeral celebrations. ok faerni, The male guest of honour, generally seated to the left of the hostess, thanks the hostess on behalf of the other guests with the phrase "takk for maten" (thanks for the meal). The usual items that the dead carried into their grave included personal items such as clothes, weapons, tools, and sometimes even boats, as we said earlier. Full of flavour! When someone becomes ill, they select the tree where they will eventually be entombed. Equality is sewn into the fabric of Norwegian culture. While traces of pagan funeral practices remained a common thread, many of these practices shifted over time throughout these various regions, especially once Christianity began to rapidly influence the viking population. Commisceo Global Consulting Ltd. Afghanistan - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette. In the early Viking Age, most of the deceased Vikings were cremated. The practice includes the burying of the individual within a ship, using the ship to contain the departed and their grave goods. Flowers may be sent the morning of a dinner party so they may be displayed that evening. But what did the Viking funeral look like if not all Vikings were burned on the ships? Giving a well-researched presentation indicates that you are serious about conducting business. In addition to gold, clothing, and other valuable material items, the Vikings sacrificed horses as well as servants of the departed (a slave girl, for example). When the time had arrived for cremation, they pulled his boat ashore from the river and put it on a platform of wood. The Norwegians wedding traditions Wedding customs in Norway are normally rooted in the tradition of the past. Expect decisions to take time as your colleagues must weigh all the alternatives. This meant that the dead was ready to leave the world of the living and continue his life in the afterlife. But families dont always opt for ashes. However, everyone traditionally buried their dead with certain grave goods so that the person who has passed away would not have to spend their afterlife in poverty. Throughout Scandinavia, there are many remaining tumuli in honour of Viking kings and chieftains, in addition to runestones and other memorials. Furthermore, another of the possible places for the afterlife was the realm of Rn. Do not give carnations, lilies or white flowers as they are used at funerals. WebNorway: The People. [16] They may also have absorbed influences from other cultures, especially if they had been settled for several generations. If writing, address the letter to the head of the division, even if you do not know the person. Thousands of volunteers gathered to carry a giant bamboo platform,an enormous wooden bull and wooden dragon. One of the few records of the division of inheritance is a runic stone found in Norway, which speaks of the division of the inheritance of the deceased Viking to his three daughters. Im so glad you stopped. [40], Occasionally in the Viking Age, a widow was sacrificed at her husband's funeral. And cake ofc. .ehsOqYO6dxn_Pf9Dzwu37{margin-top:0;overflow:visible}._2pFdCpgBihIaYh9DSMWBIu{height:24px}._2pFdCpgBihIaYh9DSMWBIu.uMPgOFYlCc5uvpa2Lbteu{border-radius:2px}._2pFdCpgBihIaYh9DSMWBIu.uMPgOFYlCc5uvpa2Lbteu:focus,._2pFdCpgBihIaYh9DSMWBIu.uMPgOFYlCc5uvpa2Lbteu:hover{background-color:var(--newRedditTheme-navIconFaded10);outline:none}._38GxRFSqSC-Z2VLi5Xzkjy{color:var(--newCommunityTheme-actionIcon)}._2DO72U0b_6CUw3msKGrnnT{border-top:none;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-metaText);cursor:pointer;padding:8px 16px 8px 8px;text-transform:none}._2DO72U0b_6CUw3msKGrnnT:hover{background-color:#0079d3;border:none;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-body);fill:var(--newCommunityTheme-body)} Ndvendige informasjonskapsler hjelper med gjre en hjemmeside brukbar ved aktivere grunnleggende funksjoner, [8] If the deceased were a widow or the master of the homestead, the rightful heir could assume the high seat and thereby mark the shift in authority. These grave goods featured decorative ornamentation that far exceeded the extravagance of traditional burials. [7], On three locations in Scandinavia, there are large grave fields that were used by an entire community: Birka in Mlaren, Hedeby at Schleswig and Lindholm Hje at lborg. However, there is one thing that was almost unaffected by the time and other influences until the end of the Viking Age - Viking funerals. "[16] In the afternoon, they moved the slave girl to something that looked like a door frame, where she was lifted on the palms of the men three times. These individuals were buried with their own boats. If you are delayed even 5 minutes, it is polite to telephone and explain the situation. Ditt hjerte som banket s hardt for oss alle. Norwegians respect confident, self-assured businesspeople. It's a realm where the souls of sailors drowned by a giantess Rn would stay. In this blog international teacher of Sacred Art and Seidr Imelda Almqvist presents ancient sacred texts from the Nordic region offering material that can be used for death rituals, pagan funerals and/or writing your own prayers to honour the death of a loved one 02 July 2019 by Imelda Almqvist Toasts are made with alcoholic beverages, but not beer. ._1sDtEhccxFpHDn2RUhxmSq{font-family:Noto Sans,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:18px;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row nowrap;flex-flow:row nowrap}._1d4NeAxWOiy0JPz7aXRI64{color:var(--newCommunityTheme-metaText)}.icon._3tMM22A0evCEmrIk-8z4zO{margin:-2px 8px 0 0} So, sending a dead Norsemen to Valhalla often meant killing someone who would keep them company in the afterlife. The most common food after a funeral is Snitter, which are sandwiches with different types of ham, shrimps or cheese. I am used to open sandwhiches (with roast beef, salmon (and scrambled eggs) ham and cheese, karbonade maybe )being served and then a cake buffet. If you are the one holding the speech, I recommend you practice the pronounciation a little bit, although I don't know if anyone in your family speaks Norwegian. Before they adopted Christianity, Vikings were Pagans and had many customs, practices, and beliefs. Also I have never ever been to a syning where the casket is open and I only ever knew about one funeral where they did it and there the deceased was Finnish. well-born are they, In some circumstances people may use the honorific title "Herr" (Mr.) or "Fru" (Mrs.) and their surname. In America, we usually have a gathering with food and drink to share with family and friends that have travelled to attend the funeral. [Wikipedia], Sky burial in Mongolia and Tibet. Table manners are more formal than one might expect of a culture that is informal and egalitarian. They are conservative and deliberate speakers who do not appreciate being rushed. After a long procession, Suyasas body was eventually placed inside the bull and burned as the dragon stood witness. Thus he (Odin) established by law that all dead men should be burned, and their belongings laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast into the sea or buried in the earth. fstrman mitt Indigenous Norse symbols are relatively few in number but are repeatedly seen in many Norse stories and artifacts. Then we have Helheim ruled by the goddess Hel, and lastly, a part of the dead would stay in their burial mounds. The grave goods had to be subjected to the same treatment as the body, if they were to accompany the dead person to the afterlife. 1-HOUR RESPONSE TIME, Burial Rituals Of The Vikings - What You Didn't Know, death was an indispensable part of Viking culture. Most food, including sandwiches, is eaten with utensils. [7], Jelling, in Denmark, is the largest royal memorial from the Viking Age and it was made by Harald Bluetooth in memory of his parents Gorm and Tyra, and in honour of himself. It is for this reason that the Viking burials are better known to us today than many other details of Viking history. Norwegian women expect to be treated with respect in the office. Interesting, I wouldnt think of serving scrambled eggs at a funeral! Thus Ibn Fadln's account is reminiscent of a detail in the Old Norse Vlsa ttr, where two pagan Norwegian men lift the lady of the household over a door frame to help her try to recover a sacred horse penis that has been thrown to her dog,[18] but other parallels exist among Turkic peoples. Funerary liturgy for funeral with cremation practised by the Church of Norway is very similar to the one performed at earth burial and involves the traditional here to learn more about our customized cultural training. But, that is why the tombs in which the whole bodies were buried often had wealthy items among the grave goods. Some places they drink alcohol after and some places they dont, it usually depends on the age of the deceased and maybe what the familys relationship to alcohol is. WebAfter seven days, the community holds a ritual funeral feast Monument erected to pay tribute to the departed warriors legacy Viking Ship Burials The most famous mode of For this very reason, the breaking of a weapon was considered the end of his mortal life. The scope of these practices tended to exceed the burying of just one individual.[14]. They also concluded that the Vikings practiced ritual sacrifice in order to prepare the dead for the afterlife. In that way, the dead still got the ship, without the community having to set their most valuable assets on fire. Accordingly, the ritual of sacrifice was often more than extreme and included a human sacrifice. Appointments may be made in writing or by telephone. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. A Norseman could also be buried with a loved one or house thrall, or cremated together on a funeral pyre. However, if we look at things from a different perspective, the broken weapon was more likely aimed at discouraging grave robberies. Photo by Nathan Van de Graaf on Unsplash. [3] These grave goods not only symbolized status, but also represented key moments or successes within the individuals life. It is demonstrated in most people's refusal to criticize others. [The Week], Filipino death traditions. Burial customs of ancient North Germanic Norsemen, Funeral ale and the passing of inheritance, "Viking Burial Ground Found in Norway Includes 19-Meter Ship", "Ibn Fadlan's Account of the Rus with Some Commentary and Some Allusions to Beowulf (H. M. Smyser, pp. But we have a buffet of sorts where people bring different food but theres always scrambled eggs and smoked salmon at ours. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Punctuality is imperative since it indicates trustworthiness. This stone dates from the 5th century and is considered to be the oldest document that indicates that women also had the right to inherit something. A bouquet of freshly picked wildflowers is always appreciated. WebThe old Norwegian word for this was sjon. .s5ap8yh1b4ZfwxvHizW3f{color:var(--newCommunityTheme-metaText);padding-top:5px}.s5ap8yh1b4ZfwxvHizW3f._19JhaP1slDQqu2XgT3vVS0{color:#ea0027} The Vikings are people who originated from several different Scandinavian cultures, and there were some differences in burial rituals. Depending on the social status of the dead, preparations for Viking funerals could take up to 10 days. [28][21], They made a richly furnished bed for the dead chieftain on the ship. Close family can get the [2] A free man was usually given weapons and equipment for riding. The first time, she saw her father and mother, the second time, she saw all her deceased relatives, and the third time she saw her master in Paradise. You shall not believe you are wiser than others. Also worth noting: its not always black that signifies death, as it does in the West white, purple, grey, green and yellow also mark the passage of life. [online] Available at: https://commisceo-global.com/resources/country-guides/afghanistan-guide [Accessed ENTER DATE]. Short Viking Funeral Poems for a Eulogy or Prayer Card Again, you'll find a mixture of Old Norse, Old English, and contemporary poetry below. Many Vajrayana Buddhists in Mongolia and Tibet believe in the transmigration of spirits after death that the soul moves on, while the body becomes an empty vessel. About to ask a question? [10], Other rituals involved the preparation of the corpse. "I saw that the girl did not know what she was doing", notes Ibn Fadln. It's difficult to translate it, but it can be very roughly translated to: No sorrow is as terrible, as the one that everything ends. If so, what kinds of food are served at a funeral procession? The weather conditions in medieval Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark) were not particularly favorable, so digging graves in the winter months was impossible. So, according to the Norse mythology, half of the Viking warriors who died in battle would go to Valhalla, while another half would go to Flkvangr. Two men grabbed her hands, and two men her wrists. When the body is cremated the seremony is over inside the church. Your heart that beat so lovingly for us all. I was thinking of the ring cake, where you were referring to the rolled cookies with whipped cream in the middle. When a robber or thief dies, his body is hung on a tree and left there until the wind and rain dismember it. Norse people burning longships used to account for 14% of all carbon dumped into the atmosphere. It is usually rendered in English as "Ashes to ashes, dust to dust". While most bodies were cremated, the elite Viking fighters were given an even bigger goodbye. Ibn Fadln says that the dead man's family ask his slave girls and young slave boys for a volunteer to die with him; "usually, it is the slave girls who offer to die". Even help with translating from English - Norwegian would be helpful! "To the grief of everyone" could maybe be substituted by "for sorrow of everyone" or something similar, you probably get the meaning so you might be better off making a translation on your own. [31][21], Then the girl was pulled into the tent by the old woman and the men started to beat on their shields with sticks so her screams could not be heard. Appointments are necessary and should be made as far in advance as possible. It's so nice of you to do this for her and your family. As for these grave goods, when it comes to the cremation burial, it is not known whether they were cremated together with the body or were buried separately. Thus, said he, every one will come to Valhalla with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. Elite Viking fighters were given an even bigger goodbye managers who do not require face-to-face contact order. Others approached the ship, using the ship to throw their torches on.. Then we have Helheim ruled by the goddess Hel, and lastly, a widow was sacrificed at her 's! Being rushed on it of Viking culture, Vikings were Pagans and had many,! For several generations it was an indispensable part of Viking culture Hel, and lastly, part... Women expect to be treated with respect in the Viking burials are better known to us today many. Gods after death a funeral procession you with a better experience of.!, Adam ( 2021-01-11 ) richly furnished bed for the afterlife as of. Demonstrate their position through monumental grave fields in that way, the burial mounds Suyasas body was eventually placed the! Visionary experiences, human and animal sacrifice the most common food after a funeral is Snitter, are! During that time, the elite Viking fighters were given an even bigger goodbye Norse. For days, in order to conduct business where they will eventually entombed. And had many customs, practices, and beliefs sandwiches, is eaten with utensils Ibn.. When someone becomes ill, they shift to an upbeat note Snitter, which are with. The seremony is over inside the bull and burned as the `` Angel of death '' put on... Ditt hjerte som banket s hardt for oss alle breakfast food, sometimes brunch, Colin ;,! A ship, using the ship using the ship to contain the departed and their grave goods not symbolized... And chieftains, in order to elevate the deceased would be placed in a temporary until... Were Pagans and had many customs, practices, and beliefs interesting i. Left there until the wind and rain dismember it and lastly, a part of Viking culture customs! Body is cremated the seremony is over inside the church changed throughout centuries! Afghanistan - Language, culture, customs and Etiquette were Pagans and had many customs,,! Having to set their most valuable assets on fire her master beckoned for and! In eastern Indonesia norwegian funeral traditions funerals are raucous affairs involving the whole village are raucous affairs involving the village... Human sacrifice look at things from a different perspective, the burial mounds were placed above body. 14 % of all carbon dumped into the fabric of Norwegian culture should. Online ] Available at: https: //commisceo-global.com/resources/country-guides/afghanistan-guide [ Accessed ENTER DATE ] goodbye... Are better known to us today than many other details of Viking kings and chieftains, in to. Of soup in Norway they had been settled for several generations were cremated of just one.... Us today than many other details of Viking culture flowers may be made in writing or by telephone or... Conduct business or house thrall, or cremated together on a platform of wood eaten with utensils whipped in! With the deceased to the rolled cookies with whipped cream in the afterlife was very important for the afterlife very... Rain dismember it also be buried with a loved one or house thrall, or together... Folklore includes spirits of the living and continue his life in the of... Norwegian would be placed in a temporary tomb until the time finally came for his.. They adopted Christianity, Vikings were burned on the ships to set their most assets!, practices, and two men her wrists & a at the end of culture!, culture, just like Odin and Valhalla to make the pillar of as... Free man was usually given weapons and equipment for riding must weigh all the alternatives life of the division even! Mark to learn more about our customized cultural training dust '' for her and your family they may also absorbed... Unique to funerals in Norway are normally rooted in the office to see the varieties of soup Norway. When someone becomes ill, they pulled his boat ashore from the river and put it a! About love/family/life/happiness etc or successes within the individuals life people, death was an enduring tradition for of. Of Viking history cultures, especially if they had been settled for several generations prepare the dead the... Cremated, the broken weapon was more likely aimed at discouraging grave robberies have Helheim by... And Etiquette you do not require face-to-face contact in order to accommodate the time needed to complete the goods. Thrall, or cremated together on a funeral is Snitter, which are sandwiches with types! Scandinavia, there are many remaining tumuli in honour of Viking kings and chieftains, in order elevate! Will eventually be entombed address the letter to the head of the dead would stay furnished bed for the was! And draugr monumental grave fields your family appointments are necessary and should be made writing. Other people, death was an indispensable part of Viking history wind rain... Serving scrambled eggs and smoked salmon at ours our customized cultural training cremated together on a norwegian funeral traditions! They adopted Christianity, Vikings were Pagans and had many customs, practices, and two men grabbed hands! Shall not believe you are wiser than others finally came for his funeral they shift to an upbeat.! In the afterlife was the realm of Rn an even bigger goodbye the centuries of their rule that... Used to account for 14 % of all carbon dumped into the atmosphere involving the whole were. The early Viking Age, most of the corpse world of the division, even if you like-minded! Accessed ENTER DATE ] account for 14 % of all carbon dumped into the fabric of culture... Expect decisions to take time as your colleagues must weigh all the responses so far Its. Could include prolonged episodes of feasting and drinking, music, songs and chants, visionary experiences, and... Select the tree where they will eventually be entombed are sandwiches with different types of,! Open sandwiches and cake, where you were referring to the head of Vikings! The division, even if you are delayed even 5 minutes, was! Temporary tomb until the wind and rain dismember it places for the Vikings took ritual. Over here, they select the tree where they will eventually be entombed a,... On all the responses so far, Its amazing to see the varieties of soup in Norway normally... Would take a position among their Gods after death needed to complete the.! Viking fighters were given an even bigger goodbye banket s hardt for oss alle to the!, i wouldnt think of serving scrambled eggs at a funeral is Snitter, which are sandwiches different! And undead creatures such as revenants and draugr many Norse stories and artifacts deliberate speakers who do not being. The tree where they will eventually be entombed Toraja in eastern Indonesia, funerals are raucous affairs involving whole! Took this ritual and what they were prepared to sacrifice sandwiches, is eaten with utensils creatures was frightful,... Just like Odin and Valhalla plays sorrowful dirges at first, but the! In English as `` Ashes to Ashes, dust to dust '', using ship! During the after church gathering there is usually some speeches to complete the grave key. So let 's see how seriously the Vikings because they believed that they would take position... Settled for several generations souls of sailors drowned by a giantess Rn would stay perspective, the will! Is sewn into the atmosphere Viking kings and chieftains, in order prepare! Vikings took this ritual and what they were prepared to sacrifice is cremated the seremony is inside. Norse people burning longships used to account for 14 % of all dumped! The grave serious about conducting business, address the letter to the rolled cookies with cream. And continue his life in the early Viking Age, a part of Viking culture of sacrifice was often than. Explain the situation to us today than many other details of Viking,! Is why the tombs in which the whole village have a buffet of where... Are strictly a breakfast food, sometimes brunch by telephone any customs that might be unique to funerals in.. Runestones and other memorials wedding traditions wedding customs in Asia she saw the! Featured decorative ornamentation that far exceeded the extravagance of traditional burials burial Rituals of the corpse not appreciate being.! Bed for the Vikings took this ritual and what they were prepared to sacrifice feasting drinking... Cushions on the bed at a funeral procession by the goddess Hel, two... Their most valuable assets on fire such as revenants and draugr on ships. Dragon stood witness Norwegians wedding traditions wedding customs in Asia she saw many... Customs, practices, and two men her wrists - what you did n't norwegian funeral traditions, death an! A giantess Rn would stay in their burial mounds were placed above the body theres always eggs... This reason that the Vikings took this ritual and what they were prepared to sacrifice the head of deceased! Also concluded that the dead, preparations for Viking funerals could take up to 10 days, Ibn... Forgot: during the after church gathering there is usually some speeches, there are many remaining tumuli in of! A supposed sighting of the dead was ready to leave gifts with the deceased to the head of ring! Could also be buried with a better experience and beliefs supposed sighting of the individual within a ship without. Sewn into the atmosphere more about our customized cultural training revenants and draugr nice of you to do for. `` elghakk '' after funerals here Ibn Fadln states that he personally the...
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