A. frequent elections Among them: American workers' hands are sometimes too big to efficiently operate machines made in Asia. Among Asians, identification with the Democratic Party has remained relatively stable over this period. Landline and cellular telephone numbers are selected using random-digit-dial methods. part of the Democratic Party base. The share of all voters with a college degree has grown from 24% in 1994 to 35% today. B. the Republicans have been the more liberal of the two main political parties The Republican Party now enjoys a significant advantage in party identification among white southern voters, and the South is the most Republican region of the country among white voters (Black and Black 2007, 46). White mainline Protestant voters are more divided in their political identities. C. representation See Voters' Choice: Varieties of American Electoral Behavior (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1975), pp. B. referendum For example, the 44% of Generation X (now aged 42 to 57) that currently identifies as independent is 10 points higher than the 34% of baby boomers who said they were independents in 2002 (when they were aged 38 to 56). Between 1994 and 2014 the average gender gap in leaned party affiliation was 9 points. A. increased, but only for Democrats B. moved toward third parties . This pattern is even more pronounced among white women. B. White Catholic voters now are more Republican (54%) than Democratic (40%). C. the qualified pool of applicants for such jobs is so small &{\hspace{10pt}\textbf{Total}\hspace{10pt}}&{\hspace{5pt}\textbf{Per Unit}\hspace{5pt}}\\ C. are shut out of more traditional avenues of political action Fewer baby boomers today (33%) than in 1992 (40%) identify as political independents, with most of that change offset by an increase in Republican identification, from 29% to 35%. Although the ideological distance between the major American parties is smaller of their party and who devote large portions of their time and money to it are known as There are no trend data for Generation Z because no one in that generation had reached adulthood until 2015. A. evangelical Protestants, suburbanites, and small business owners C. already hold elected office and can distribute patronage to other party members For results based on the total sample of national adults, the margin of sampling error is 1 percentage point at the 95% confidence level. This same pattern is seen among several other religious groups, including white evangelicals, though it is not as pronounced as among Jewish voters. express values and beliefs and to be committed to a greater cause. A. Andrew Jackson in ______. These twin shifts have resulted in the widest educational gap in partisan identification and leaning seen at any point in more than two decades of Pew Research Center surveys. The Democratic Party opened up a 4-point edge among this group in 2016, and that advantage has grown to 12 points in the current data (54% to 42%). A. candidates for minor parties can still win presidential elections This gap was smaller (11 points) in 1994. D. party bosses, Party activists ______. For many voters . B. acting like an interest group entrepreneur B. entrepreneur The GOP now enjoys a two-to-one advantage over the Democratic Party among white voters with no more than a high school diploma (62% to 31%). While inflation, government and the economy remain the top U.S. problems, 8% of Americans now mention abortion, the highest percentage mentioning that issue in Gallup's records. D. general party election, Patronage was once important to political parties because ______. A. truer than ever in today's political landscape not to join it because he knows he can benefit from the group's work if it is successful B. George Wallace D. are willing to join groups that are not involved in politics, but they shy away from About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. Voters who attend religious services more frequently are generally more likely than those who attend less often to identify with or lean toward the Republican Party. C. Supreme Court Among nonwhite voters, about two-thirds or more identify with or lean to the Democratic Party. While the partisan preferences of both men and women without a college degree have moved toward the GOP over the past decade, this marks a return to about the same levels of partisanship seen in 1994, as the Republican Party has regained ground it had lost between the late 1990s and end of the George W. Bush administration. While black voters remain solidly Democratic, identification with the Democratic Party has declined modestly in recent years: About two-thirds of African Americans have identified as Democrats in the last several years, down slightly from the first half of Barack Obamas presidency, when about three-quarters affiliated with the Democratic Party. That year, 42% of adult millennials were independent. Ensure that you have the right strategy, culture, people, structure and processes in place to achieve your goals. Outside of the South, there has been little change in the distribution of party identification in the U.S. for several decades (52-84). In both generations, the GOP enjoys a similar modest advantage (11 percentage points among white Gen Xers, 12 points among white Boomers); these are similar to the balances in 2014. Sign up to receive essential insights on the thoughts and feelings of people in more than 140 countries. The trends to date for Generation X and millennials do not preclude their showing declining political independence as they continue to age. Among white Millennial voters, the Democratic Party holds a narrow 48% to 45% advantage in leaned party identification. In 1994, those with at least some postgraduate experience were evenly split between the Democratic and Republican parties. B. divided government politicians, that agent is engaging in ______. D. electioneering, The activity of persuading policymakers to support an interest group's policy position However, the Democratic Partys standing with Millennials is about the same as it was at earlier points, including 2014. Get our most relevant insights on the opinions of the worlds 7+ billion people. In recent decades, party identification among American voters has ______. D. agricultural interest groups, ______ are interest groups that try to influence government to produce collective B. a candidate's campaign staff Modern political parties have two fundamental activities, ______. C. politicians usually win primary elections without capturing a large portion of it For example, in 2015, Democrats had a fairly modest 3-point registration edge among 18 . who represent a growing share of the Catholic population in the U.S. Next: 2. \text{Net operating income}\hspace{5pt}& (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. D. third-party options have become increasingly powerful, With certain exceptions, the Democratic Party appeals to ______. D. a certain percentage of the presidential vote before parties can receive federal funds, Major sources of money for parties in all elections are individual donors and ______. A. are much more likely to belong to interest groups than are citizens of other nations C. third parties have never promoted important issues C. John Anderson B. John Adams By contrast, African American voters remain overwhelmingly Democratic: 84% identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party. Partisanship has become increasingly tied to religious identification over the past quarter century. By contrast, white voters with no more than a high school education have moved more to the GOP over the last 10 years, though there has been little change since 2015. In 2015, college-graduate white voters were equally likely to identify with or lean toward the GOP as the Democratic Party. That represents a dramatic change from the end of the George W. Bush administration, when this group was about evenly divided in leaned party identification. B. electioneering The Republican Party holds an advantage among white voters in older generations. But white Catholics and Hispanic Catholics diverge politically. C. U.S. party organizations control the nomination process. For example, 72% of voters in the Northeast who live in urban counties associate with the Democratic Party, compared with 49% of Northeastern voters who live in rural counties. D. the group will inevitably confront the free rider problem, Billy is interested in lowering the speed limit on a major road near his house. D. benefits available only to group members, Selective incentives are necessary for some interest groups because ______. clubs and associations because interest groups ______. Religiously unaffiliated voters have been trending steadily toward the Democratic Party over the past few decades and represent a growing share of all registered voters (See Chapter 2 for more on the changing profile of the electorate). B. are much less likely to belong to interest groups than are citizens of other nations By contrast, sizable majorities of black, Hispanic and Asian American voters identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party. B. trend among voters to identify themselves as third-party members rather than as Millennials, born between 1981 and 1996 and aged 26 to 41 today, have become increasingly independent since 2002, when the oldest members of the generation were first turning 18. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. Since 1992, the percentage of Silent Generation members who identify as political independents has decreased from 35% to 26%, which has been accompanied by an equal increase in Republican identification. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. Both groups of voters have moved toward the Republican Party over time, though the shift has been more pronounced among white Catholics. A. the fund-raising arm for interest groups D. voters pick candidates using criteria other than ideological and policy affinity, The creation of the first mass-based party, rather than party-in-government, was in Put another way, in 1994 white voters with postgraduate experience were 12 points more likely than whites with a college degree to associate with the Democratic Party; today that gap remains about the same (11 points). A. party activists who work at banks Theoretically, who is responsible for recruiting, nominating, and promoting candidates. D. Ralph Nader, The statement that third parties are irrelevant in modern-day politics is ______. C. reform C. it simplified the issue of hiring people after an election Analyze and improve the experiences across your employee life cycle, so your people and organization can thrive. Say Alexa, enable the Pew Research Center flash briefing, 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA Hispanic Catholics, who represent a growing share of the Catholic population in the U.S., are substantially more Democratic in their orientation (64% of Hispanic Catholic voters affiliate with or lean to the Democratic Party, 27% to the GOP). A gender gap in partisan affiliation and leaning is seen across racial and ethnic groups. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Since 2010, white voters have been more likely to align with the GOP than with the Democrats. A. weaknesses among local Republican parties in the Deep South B. responsible The balance of partisanship among Millennial men was similar in 2014 as it is today (50% Democratic vs. 40% Republican). While the partisan balance among white Catholic voters is little changed in recent years, this group was more evenly divided in their partisan loyalties about a decade ago. (Note: Only English-speaking Asian American voters are included in the data because Pew Research Center does not conduct its standard domestic political surveys in Asian languages.). By more than two-to-one (63% to 28%), Hispanic voters are more likely to affiliate with or lean toward the Democratic Party than the GOP. Parties help to overcome the problem of ______ created by the Constitution. Voters in urban counties already tilted Democratic in 1999 (53% to 35%); still, the Democratic Partys standing among these voters has increased 9 points over the past two decades. and groups, usually resulting in a change in policy direction. GOP. D. party candidates themselves, The third-party candidate who likely impeded George H. W. Bush's reelection bid in A. their members are not interested in the group's collective benefit Before that year, that level had never been reached. A. public goods available to everyone 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA The overall balance of partisan orientation among Hispanics is little changed over the last decade. Among both white non-evangelical Protestants and black Protestants, there are only small differences in partisanship between those who attend church monthly and those who attend less frequently. D. indirect lobbying efforts that manipulate public sentiment, PAC money is directed primarily toward ______. Some of the largest differences in partisanship continue to be seen across racial and ethnic groups. Gen Xers and Baby Boomers have seen less change in their partisan preferences and remain closely divided between the two major parties. Over time, and as more of Generation X reached adulthood, Republicans and Democrats have claimed roughly equal proportions of the generation, including 30% of the former and 27% of the latter this year. is known as ______. Similarly, there is an 8-point gender gap among black voters (87% of black women vs. 79% of black men), as well as among Hispanic voters (66% of women vs. 58% of men). A. both the Democrats and Republicans have become more conservative collective goods or services that benefit the public. The partisan breakdown of men is relatively unchanged over this period. C. liberals Overall in 2021, an average of 29% of Americans identified as Democrats, 27% as Republicans and 42% as independents. \text{Fixed expenses}\hspace{5pt} & D. negative partisanship is leading to the creation of many other parties, Alexis de Tocqueville observed during his travels in the 19th-century United States Millennial voters (born 1981 to 1996) have had a Democratic tilt since they first entered adulthood; this advantage has only grown as they have aged. There are sizable and long-standing racial and ethnic differences in partisan affiliation, and they have shifted only modestly in recent years. And among voters with postgraduate experience, the Democratic advantage has grown. The rank-and-file members who carry out the party's electioneering efforts are the A. our electoral laws promote this outcome convention and its presidential candidate seeks to enact is called the party ______. As Figure 2 . When government officials leave office and take positions as lobbyists, they are said to be passing through the party platform. FEC. C. governing Underlying the gender gap in leaned party identification is a gender difference in voters straight party identification: Men are more likely to identify as Republicans (31%) than Democrats (26%), while the reverse is true among women (39% identify as Democrats, 28% as Republicans). Among rural whites, the GOP enjoyed a roughly 10-percentage-point advantage throughout much of the 2000s; the GOP advantage among rural white voters is now 24 percentage points (58% to 34%). C. southern Democrats have grown in number and importance to the Democratic Party While there are racial and ethnic differences in the makeup of rural, suburban and urban areas, this overall pattern of geographic divergence is also seen among whites. C. period of time when party members become more loyal to their political party This disconnect may explain low levels of trust in government and poor views of both parties in general. B. public goods dilemma A. the media are unable to educate voters about each party's platform This growth is attributable to a slight increase in Democratic-leaning independents, rather than a rise in Democratic affiliation. Women voters with a college degree are 17 points more likely to identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party than they were 25 years ago, while there has been a 10-point increase among men with a college degree. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax The Democratic Party enjoyed a 20-percentage-point lead in party identification until the 1980s, with surveys reporting that Democratic identifiers were about 50% to 55% of the typical sample, while Republicans were about 30% to 35%. Those settled periods are often called ______. The partisan leanings of Hispanic Catholics have not changed much in recent years. Overall, the proportion of women voters who identify with (rather than lean toward) the Democratic Party has remained relatively constant for the past 25 years (in 1994, 37% of women said they identified with the Democratic Party, compared with 39% in 2017). A. congressional incumbents Today, a majority of white women without a college degree (55%) identify with or lean to the GOP, compared with just 34% of white women with a four-year college education. Learn how to use the CliftonStrengths assessment and strengths-based development to accomplish your goals. C. candidates' need for more money to pay for television advertising A. correctness But the share of women who identify with or lean to the Democratic Party has risen in recent years, to 54% in 2016 and 56% in 2017. A. party activists Party identification is more stable at both the aggregate and the individual level than most recent scholarship has suggested. While the Democratic Party still holds a wide 60% to 31% advantage among this group, its significantly smaller than it was in 2017 (70% to 23%), which was a high-water mark for the party among this group. The Democratic Partys advantage with more highly educated voters has grown over the past decade and is wider than it was in both 2016 and 2012. Most voters who identify with one of the two main American political parties adopt, As important as each party's base is, ______. issues because ______. A majority of registered voters with at least a four-year college degree (57%) identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party, while 37% associate with the GOP. A. franking \text{Contribution margin}\hspace{5pt} & While the GOP has held significant advantages over the Democratic Party among white college graduates without postgraduate experience over much of the past two decades, these voters are divided in their partisanship today. D. parliamentary system, An example of a state-level law that hampers third parties' efforts to capture some party activists. Search, examine, compare and export nearly a century of primary data. Today, there is a 16-percentage-point advantage for the GOP among rural voters. Among white voters, Millennials are the only generation in which the share of Democrats and Democratic leaners (52%) is greater than the share of Republicans and Republican leaners (41%). The Democratic Party currently holds a 53% to 41% advantage in leaned party identification among voters with a college degree or more. Among Millennials, 42% identify as independents, compared with 35% of Gen Xers, 30% of Baby Boomers and 25% of Silents. A. it created a more disciplined party-in-government This wide gender gap among Millennial voters is largely attributable to a marked shift among Millennial women. B. silence media outlets For results based on the total sample of 531 Generation Z adults, the margin of sampling error is 5 percentage points at the 95% confidence level. "It sounds like a joke, but these kinds of issues were frequently encountered in the early stages," Yasuaki Takamoto, who heads Panasonic's EV battery business, told the Wall Street Journal. White voters in all generations are significantly more likely to identify with or lean to the GOP than nonwhite voters. Both groups have moved toward the GOP over the past decade, though the shift has been slightly more pronounced among those with no more than a high school diploma than those with some college experience. It argued further that even if ads paid for by unions and corporations were not shown to lead to corruption, to protect the legitimacy of its institutions, the state had an interest in protecting against "both the actual corruption threatened by large financial contributions and the appearance of corruption.". Learn how to develop and engage employees to create an exceptional workplace and boost your business outcomes. B. seek to influence public policy C. not likely to become influential until after the writers of the Constitution died The responsible party model makes it easier for voters to hold parties accountable for their actions. D. Abraham Lincoln, The system in which successful party candidates reward supporters with jobs or gain the benefits of their activities whether or not they join. White Silent Generation voters have moved toward the GOP in recent years. What are the main disadvantages of a sole proprietorship? In 1994, about half (52%) of religiously unaffiliated voters leaned toward or identified with the Democratic Party. In 1994, white men with a college degree were somewhat more likely than those without a college education to identify with or lean toward the GOP (59% to 55%). B. manifesto Almost nine-in-ten (87%) lean toward or identify with the Democratic Party. For results based on the total sample of 1,342 millennial generation adults, the margin of sampling error is 3 percentage points at the 95% confidence level. As a result of these patterns, the gap in Democratic affiliation between white and nonwhite voters is 16 points among Millennial voters, but rises to 26 points among Gen Xers, 31 points among Baby Boomers and 37 points among Silents. Both generations have been about evenly split in their partisan leanings for most of the past decade. Today, the Democratic Party enjoys a roughly two-to-one advantage in leaned partisan identification. Among white Millennial voters, the Democratic Party holds a narrow 48% to 45% advantage in leaned party identification. Gen Xers and Baby Boomers are closely divided in their partisan leanings. The analysis in this report draws on more than 10,000 interviews with registered voters in 2017 and tens of thousands of interviews conducted in previous years (see Methodology for additional detail). Both groups are far more Democratic in their partisan preferences than in 1994, though the movement toward the Democratic Party has been slightly greater among women than men. In 2017, 59% of white voters with at least some additional education beyond a four-year degree identified as Democrats or leaned Democratic, while 37% identified with or leaned toward the Republican Party; as recently as 2015 that balance was slightly narrower (52% to 41%). The Democratic gains among women have not come from increased affiliation with the party. D. upper-class voters, evangelicals, and ethnic minorities, The list of policy positions an American party officially endorses at its nominating C. presents that groups give to legislators to drum up support D. Republicans have been less ideologically consistent than Democrats, In American politics, which group generally opposes governmental action to solve economic problems but favors increased governmental involvement in citizens' social and moral lives? The gap between the shares of women and men who associate with the Democratic Party is 18 points among Gen Xers, 10 points among Baby Boomers and 7 points among Silents. FEC led to a different holding than the holding in McConnell v . B. lower-class voters, suburbanites, and Catholics B. vibrant democracy D. partisan epochs, Realignment refers to a ______. Congress has refused to seat third-party members Members of Generation Z who have reached adulthood match millennials in the percentage of political independents, at 52%. In recent decades, party identification among American voters has _____. A. ignored recent reforms because very few lobbyists, representatives, or senators follow the rules anyway In 1998 (the first year for which sample sizes of Asian American voters were sufficiently large enough in Pew Research Center surveys), 53% of Asians identified with or leaned toward the Democratic Party and 33% identified with or leaned toward the Republican Party. A. conservatives Overall, 54% of Millennial registered voters say they identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party, compared with 38% who identify with or lean toward the GOP. B. party activists have lost a great deal of their former power For results based on the total sample of 770 Silent Generation adults, the margin of sampling error is 4 percentage points at the 95% confidence level. Expressive benefits are selective incentives that derive from the opportunity to Millennials remain more likely than those in older generations to call themselves independents (44% vs. 39% of Gen Xers, 32% of Boomers and 27% of Silents); still, the roughly two-to-one Democratic advantage among Millennials is apparent both in straight and leaned partisan affiliation. C. causes campaigns to be less negative B. both Republicans and Democrats have become more conservative Among voters with a college degree, white men are 17 points more likely than white women to identify with or lean toward the GOP.
