Other native tribes were quickly brought under control by the conquistadors, and for the next three centuries Spain built up an empire in the New World. Juan de Padilla (c. 14901521), a representative from Toledo, organized leaders in other cities into a "Holy League of Cities." Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. In 1559 Elizabeth restored the Anglican Church, taking the title Supreme Governor of the Church. On April 9, 1609, King Philip III signed a decree of expulsion. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. During the next two hundred years, nearly every remaining land mass in the world, with the exception of Antarctica, was explored and mapped by explorers from these countries. Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. (See "The Inquisition" in Chapter 1.) Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. For these reasons Henry VII was once considered England's first Renaissance ruler, and the English Renaissance was often dated to the beginning of his reign in 1485. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). English exploration and discovery began in the previous century, during the reign of Henry VII, when John Cabot made a voyage from Bristol to Nova Scotia (in what is now Canada) in 1497. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. He made similar alliances with Portugal. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. coast of North America. Five years later Mary, who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be her successor. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. The German artist Hans Holbein was Henry's court painter, and the English scholar Thomas Elyot was one of his secretaries. In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. The following month Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the island natives. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. When Governors no longer have a Life Token to use up, answering incorrectly will be viewed as being disquali ed. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). The main problem was that Charles was a foreigner. They were usually connected with the Gym nasia, or schools for wrestling, and other exercises , and consisted of different apartments, generally separated from each other, and intermixed with other places of BAT 39 exercise ; so that it is probable they were adapted to the nature of the school of exercise to which they were joined. In 1094 Henry of Burgundy was given the county of Portugal by the king of Castile and Len for his success against the Moors. The Italian Wars finally ended after a seventh war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the . Attempts were made to colonize Virginia, the territory in North America named in Elizabeth's honor (she was called the "Virgin Queen"). After this bloody victory, while looting the city, Henry first glimpsed the riches of African trade that had come from the Indies: cinnamon, pepper, cloves, ginger, and other spices. Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. Unlike Asia, Africa's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the interior. Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. Germany They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). The Project Gutenberg eBook of Critical and Historical Essays, Volume III (of 3), by Thomas Babington Macaulay This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. Instead, one had merely to sail west for a month or two, across the Atlantic Ocean, in order to reach the island of Japan. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. 1861. The revised Book of Common Prayer regarded communion as simply a reenactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Christ shared with his disciples, or followers. into numerous small regions, each controlled by a feudal lord. England was still a Catholic country and the pope's consent was required before Henry could get a divorce. Ferdinand and Isabella's son John had been the heir to the throne of Castile, but he had also died. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. Cartier's voyages never took him farther west than the site of modern-day Montreal, Canada, but his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). The French returned in 1499, however, this time to take Naples and Sicily from the Sforzas. He returned about a year later with the news that he had discovered the Indies. quasi-independent province, into royal lands. In 1356 French forces were defeated at Poitiers. Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. The English also formed an alliance with France and, to seal the treaty, Henry's sister Mary became the wife of King Louis XII of France. 11 unique nations and growing: You can choose to become either Rome, Germany, Britain, France, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Ottoman or Byzantium and start building your own city to become the most powerful one in the kingdom!Each nation has its own unique pros and cons. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. The queen died two years later. He had the boy trained in Spanish customs and politics and even made out a will naming the young Ferdinand as his heir. Soon after being crowned, she married Philip of Spain (soon to be King Philip II), but Parliament prevented him from taking the English throne along with his wife. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. Person as author : Doumas, Christos In : History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v.II: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., p. 146-151 Language : English Also available in : Also available in : Franais Year of publication : 1996 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. The French would meanwhile send a fleet to take Genoa and Naples. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. One of his first acts was to execute 270 people who had been involved in the Comuneros revolt. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. He records that in the year 1228, "a certain Archbishop of Armenia the Greater came on a pilgrimage to England to see the relics of the saints, and visit the sacred places in the kingdom, as he had done in others; he also produced letters of recommendation from his Holiness the Pope, to the religious and the prelates of the churches, in which . James also had to contend with religious unrest. Christians were becoming impatient because only a few Moriscos had actually converted. The horrified Clement, who had been locked away in a tower for his own safety, quickly joined Henry in making peace with Charles. Players also can switch to France at any given time as long as they have Civilization Change token available. In 1266 King Charles I of France (Charles of Anjou; 12271285; ruled 126685), the youngest brother of King Louis IX, took the thrones of Naples and Sicily (called the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. Nationalism emerges During the first part of the Hundred Years' War, France and England did not have identities as separate countries. Marco Polo. Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Elizabeth was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England (ruled 160325). Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. This method of punishment, which was introduced by the Inquisition (an official Catholic Church court charged with finding heretics) supposedly drove evil spirits out of the sinners (see "Inquisition" in Chapters 1 and 7). At first the Capetians' control over the other duchies of France was mostly in name only because many were semi-independent kingdoms. Best Commanders Tier List - Updated with new Commanders. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. Of course, the ancient kingdoms of England and Scotland had been in existence on the island of Great Britain for nearly a thousand years, and for a substantial part of that time, the kings, queens, and peoples of each country fought - sometimes with each other, but often against each other in several conflicts. He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. In the sixteenth century, during the reign of King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), the Spanish empire spread east from Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. For about twenty years the Netherlands maintained virtual control of Brazil and its sugar production, before being thrown out by an increasingly independent Brazilian population. One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. A year later, in October and November 1520, Magellan navigated the treacherous straits (now known as the Straits of Magellan) at the continent's cape and sailed across the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. Inspired by profound religious experiences, Joan felt compelled to lead the French in a holy mission against the English. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. Many Moriscos paid considerable sums of money to Catholic Church officials so they could stay in the country. Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form an integral part of the wider politics of Europe.Both countries are among the founders and the main leading Member states of the European Union and its predecessor the European Communities since its inception in 1958 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome.. General relations between the two countries since 1871, according to . William responded with a document that accused Philip of incest (having sexual relations with family members), adultery (having sexual relations outside marriage), and the murders of both Carlos and Elizabeth of Valois. The group Young Italy advocated for. Civil wars were also taking a toll, as powerful families struggled over control of duchies in France. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. It was moderate in tonethat is, it did not reflect drastic changes from the Roman Catholic worship servicesbut a revision issued in 1552 was radically different. The war between Spain and France continued until 1559, when Italy was placed under Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis. She founded two colleges at Cambridge University as well as professorships at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. Then a powerful stormthe "Great Protestant Wind," as the English called itswept through the Channel and forced the Spanish vessels away from England. Under her command, the French won several important battles. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. Table of Contents show. Edward was returned to the throne. The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). Some contended that conversion was the best policy. Francia. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. Under terms of the peace agreement, the Treaty of Brtigny (1360), the kingdom of France was divided and the southwest region was formally given to the king of England. The problem with being a latecomer to world exploration and conquest was that most of the good lands were already occupied and defended by superior Spanish and Portuguese navies. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. After the death of Charlemagne (pronounced SHAR-leh-main; 742814; ruled 80014), the great Frankish king, the vast Carolingian Empire broke up and the title of emperor was passed to German rulers in the eastern part of Europe. ." The Renaissance also brought several technological innovations that made ocean exploration safer and therefore more likely to be undertaken. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. A decent room costing $14-$19 split two ways (or three-ways, wink-wink) will usually net you something better than a dorm room for roughly the same price. During the reign of Charles I, England was embroiled in a civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the monarchy. After winning several major battles, the Moors conquered the Visigoth capital of Toledo in 712 and soon pushed the Germanic lords and their armies into the northern frontiers of Spain. In 1619 Protestants in Bohemia had ousted their Roman Catholic king, Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II), and replaced him with Frederick. Philip immediately began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England. The Muslim conquest was economically attractive to Jews, since it opened the markets of North Africa as well as of the entire Muslim world as far away as India. Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). Giving in to pressure from the noblemen and Charles's Flemish advisers, Ferdinand rewrote his will and named Charles as his heir. All lands to the east would belong to Portugal and all lands to the west would belong to Spain. It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). In these wars, Spanish armies were victorious for the sixth time. After a couple of failed attempts, English settlements were established in Virginia and Massachusetts, later spreading into Maryland and Pennsylvania. official symbol of France, painted on his shield. The Italian Wars were continued with renewed vigor under King Francis I (14941547; ruled 151547), who became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. More nations are being added in the next updates. MikeMeHigh. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. split into kingdoms and city-states. Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). He neglected to reward several of his best lieutenants for their services, and as a result he lost their support. After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake (c. 15401596) launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? In the golden age of Portugal, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Portuguese explorers sailed most of the world's seas. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. 2. For the rest of the century England and other Protestant states were involved in conflict with Spain and the papacy. timer. They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. . . rise of kingdoms . The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. While the Catalan revolt was going on, the Portuguese took advantage of the confusion and declared their independence from Spain. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. Renaissance ideas had dominated his education. His compassion and leniency toward his subjects were uncharacteristic of the age, and he did much to improve the cultural life of his country during the Renaissance. In the years after that, they were even better. Spain had often attracted the attention of people from North Africa as a promising new land. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. Medina-Sidonia retreated, taking his ships north around the British Isles. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. READ FULL REVIEW >. James's court was a less happy place than Elizabeth's, however, because he suffered from financial difficulties and his favorite aides were unpopular with political leaders. He also increased his power in Languedoc and Toulouse in the south. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. Only eight Portuguese were killed. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). Prominent members of the royal family and the court frequently played roles in these productions. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. The revised Book of Common Prayer also ordered the destruction of stone altars associated with the Catholic Mass (worship service in which communion is taken). They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. Nevertheless, Spain's empire was never seriously threatened on land. democratic rule. In Rise of Kingdoms, Lyceum of Wisdom is the place where you can come and answer a lot of trivia quizzes regarding the game itself and the world history in general and earn a lot of valuable rewards. Barbarossa fled to Algiers (now Algeria), in North Africa, with the remnant of his fleet. This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. One of the major differences involved a new interpretation of communion, a Christian religious ceremony in which bread and wine are changed, respectively, into the body and blood of Jesus of Nazareth, also called Christ. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. locations. His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). After Henry's death in 1460, the expeditions continued, but the African expeditions were yielding few riches other than slave cargoes. He disliked having Philip, a foreign prince, on a Spanish throne. The uprising began when Dutch Protestants staged violent riots and smashed statues of Catholic saints. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. To accomplish this goal, he arranged for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves (15151557), sister of the duke of Cleves, ruler of a small territory in the Rhine River region of Germany. In 1415 Henry the Navigator, son of the Portuguese king, led an armada against Ceuta and won a battle that left thousands of Muslim bodies piled in the streets of the city. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. Doria was a soldier-for-hire who hailed from Genoa but, in 1527, held the post of commander of French naval forces. They also founded Portugal's overseas provinces in western and eastern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Brazil and poured the vast riches of the empire into the homeland. 30 seconds. When William Cecil died in 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The destruction was so great that the invasion was delayed for a year. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. He firmly established the strength of the monarchy by enforcing his royal powers. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. They also wanted to end the use of wedding rings, which were believed to be popish because Catholics wore them. The pope also gave Ferdinand and Isabella the authority to convert the people of these new lands to Christianity and to govern them. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria They were at once the lay face of the church, the spiritual heart of civic government, and the social kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates.
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